A Narration: 20th v/s 21st Century: Pandemic v/s Another Pandemic: Virus v/s Another Virus (Spanish Flu V/S COVID-19)

A Narration: 20th v/s 21st Century: Pandemic v/s Another Pandemic: Virus v/s Another Virus (Spanish Flu V/S COVID-19)



Abstract Views
583

Downloads
485

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Pandemic leads to major mortality and morbidity. Many pandemics occur over the centuries, but the mother of all pandemic was "Spanish Flu" and nowadays we are facing another huge uncontrollable "Covid 19" pandemic of the current century. The purpose of this comparative review is to help and provide guidance for frontline medical staff in dealing with this current outbreak to differentiate and seek information with the previous pandemic and get knowledgeable guidance for future dealings of COVID-19. Peer-reviewed literature on the outbreaks of infectious disease has steadily increased in recent years, but the major pandemics should be compared to find out the similarities and differences. To do so, we provide step by step contents of both diseases.

Keywords: infection control and management, respiratory illness, SARS CoV-2, Spanish Flu
  1. Rosenwald, Michael S. "History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America".
     Google Scholar 
  2. Frost WH. Statistics of influenza morbidity. Public Health Rep. 1920; 35:584–97.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  3. "La Grippe Espagnole de 1918" (in French). Institut Pasteur.
     Google Scholar 
  4. K. Taubenberger, Ann Reid, Amy Krafft et al. Initial Genetic Characterization of the 1998 "Spanish' Influenza Virus. Science. Mar 1997; Vol 275, Issue 5307, pp 1793-1796.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  5. Kendal AP, Noble GR, Skehel JJ, Dowdle WR. Antigenic similarity of influenza A (H1N1) viruses from epidemics in 1977–1978 to "Scandinavian" strains isolated in epidemics of 1950–1951. Virology. 1978; 89:632–6.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  6. Barbara Jester et al. Readiness for Responding to a Severe Pandemic 100 Years After 1918. Am J Epidemiol. July 2018. 187(12): 2596-2602. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy165.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  7. P. Johnson and J. Mueller. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic. Bull. Hist. Med. 2002. 76(1): 105-115.
     Google Scholar 
  8. Barbara Jester et al. Historical and clinical aspects of the 1918 H1N1 pandemic in the United States. Virology 2019. 527: 32-37.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  9. Barbara Jester et al. 100 Years of Medical Countermeasures and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness. Am J Public Health.
     Google Scholar 
  10. Burnet F, Clark E. Influenza: a survey of the last 50 years in the light of modern work on the virus of epidemic influenza. Melbourne: MacMillan; 1942.
     Google Scholar 
  11. Marks G, Beatty WK. Epidemics. New York: Scribners; 1976.
     Google Scholar 
  12. Rosenau MJ, Last JM. Maxcy-Rosenau preventative medicine and public health. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1980.
     Google Scholar 
  13. Crosby A. America's forgotten pandemic. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press;1989.
     Google Scholar 
  14. Patterson KD, Pyle GF. The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med. 1991;65:4–21.
     Google Scholar 
  15. Johnson NPAS, Mueller J. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med. 2002;76:105–15.
     Google Scholar 
  16. Johnson NPAS, Mueller J. Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med. 2002;76:105–15..018; 108: 1469-1472. Doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304586.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  17. Crosby AW. America's forgotten pandemic: the influenza of 1918. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1989 2003.
     Google Scholar 
  18. Patterson KD, Pyle GF. The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med. 1991;65:4–21.
     Google Scholar 
  19. Pettit D, Bailie J. A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America 1918–1920. Murfreesboro, Tennessee: Timberlane Books; 2008.
     Google Scholar 
  20. Influenza 1918 episode (documentary). American Experience. PBS.
     Google Scholar 
  21. Barry, John M. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-89473-4.
     Google Scholar 
  22. "Mystery pneumonia virus probed in China". BBC News.
     Google Scholar 
  23. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020 Jan 24. pii: S0140-6736(20)30185-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  24. Perlman S (February 2020). "Another Decade, Another Coronavirus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 760-762. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126. PMC 7121143. PMID 31978944.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  25. Cyranoski D (March 2020). "Mystery deepens over the animal source of coronavirus". Nature. 579 (7797): 18–19. Bibcode:2020Natur.579...18C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w. PMID 32127703.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  26. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(COVID-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
     Google Scholar 
  27. "Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it". who.int.
     Google Scholar 
  28. "[The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi (in Chinese). 41 (2): 145–151. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003. PMID 32064853.
     Google Scholar 
  29. "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020". World Health Organization. 11 March 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  30. "Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): increased transmission beyond China – fourth update" (PDF). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 14 February 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  31. Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, et al. (February 2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". Int J Infect Dis. 91: 264–66. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. PMID 31953166.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  32. "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19". World Health Organization (WHO) (Press release). 11 March 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  33. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-89. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/.
     Google Scholar 
  34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Types of Influenza Viruses. 2014.
     Google Scholar 
  35. Are we ready for pandemic influenza?Webby RJ, Webster RG Science. 2003 Nov 28; 302(5650):1519-22.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  36. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza. Zambon MC, J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Nov; 44 Suppl B:3-9.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  37. Historical perspective--Emergence of influenza A (H1N1) viruses.Zimmer SM, Burke DS, N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 16; 361(3):279-85.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  38. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727-33.
     Google Scholar 
  39. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565-74.
     Google Scholar 
  40. Tang X, Wu C, Li X, et al. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Sci.
     Google Scholar 
  41. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565-74.
     Google Scholar 
  42. Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, et al. Structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. 2020 Mar 27;367(6485):1444-8.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  43. Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, et al. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Feb 17
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  44. Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, et al. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antiviral Res. 2020 Feb 10; 176:104742.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  45. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection.
     Google Scholar 
  46. Hanff TC, Harhay MO, Brown TS, et al. Is there an association between COVID-19 mortality and the renin-angiotensin system: a call for epidemiologic investigations. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 26
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  47. Vaughan WT. Influenza: an epidemiological study. Am J Hyg Baltimore. 1921:65–78.
     Google Scholar 
  48. Patterson KD, Pyle GF. The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med. 1991; 65:4–21.
     Google Scholar 
  49. Crosby AW. America's forgotten pandemic: the influenza of 1918. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1989 2003.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  50. Pettit D, Bailie J. A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America 1918–1920. Murfreesboro, Tennessee: Timberlane Books; 2008.
     Google Scholar 
  51. Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Schonberger LB, Arden NH, Cox NJ, Fukuda K (July 1998). "Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 178 (1): 53–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.327.2581. doi:10.1086/515616. JSTOR 30114117. PMID 9652423.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  52. Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 17;41(2):145-51.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  53. Zhan M, Qin Y, Xue X, et al. Death from Covid-19 of 23 health care workers in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 15.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  54. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics. 2020 Mar 16.
     Google Scholar 
  55. Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children show milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020 Mar 23.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  56. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/reconstruction-1918-virus.html#reconstruction.
     Google Scholar 
  57. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  58. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. Jama. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  59. Sri Santosh T, Parmar R, Anand H, et al. (April 17, 2020) A Review of Salivary Diagnostics and Its Potential Implication in Detection of Covid-19. Cureus 12(4): e7708. doi:10.7759/cureus.7708.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  60. Wu Y, Guo C, Tang L, et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  61. Chen W, Lan Y, Yuan X, et al. Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for further clinical severity. Emerging microbes & infections. 2020;9(1):469-473.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  62. "Spanish flu strikes during World War I". 14 January 2010.
     Google Scholar 
  63. "Q & A on COVID-19". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
     Google Scholar 
  64. To KK, Tsang OT, Chik-Yan Yip C, Chan KH, Wu TC, Chan JM, et al. (February 2020). "Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva". Clinical Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press: ciaa149. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa149. PMC 7108139. PMID 32047895.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  65. Loh NW, Tan Y, Taculod J, Gorospe B, Teope AS, Somani J, Tan AY (March 2020). "The impact of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) on coughing distance: implications on its use during the novel coronavirus disease outbreak". Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien d'Anesthesie. doi:10.1007/s12630-020-01634-3. PMC 7090637. PMID 32189218.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  66. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
     Google Scholar 
  67. "Reducing risk of microdroplet infection | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News.
     Google Scholar 
  68. "Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations". who.int.
     Google Scholar 
  69. Li R, Pei S, Chen B, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science (New York, NY). 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  70. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  71. "New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces". National Institutes of Health (NIH).
     Google Scholar 
  72. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020; published online Jan 31. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.
     Google Scholar 
  73. Chen H, Guo J, Wan C, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  74. Berglund H, Den s.k. Vol. 15. Allmänna Svenska Läkartidningen; 1918. 'Spanska sjukans' kliniska bild; pp. 1696–701.
     Google Scholar 
  75. Petrén K. Vol. 15. Allmänna Svenska Läkartidningen; 1918. Till influensans, särskilt influensapneumoniernas nosografi och behandling; pp. 1577–600. 1619–30, 1651–69.
     Google Scholar 
  76. Petrén K. Vol. 15. Allmänna Svenska Läkartidningen; 1918. Till influensans, särskilt influensapneumoniernas nosografi och behandling; pp. 1577–600. 1619–30, 1651–69.
     Google Scholar 
  77. The Spanish flu in Uppsala, clinical and epidemiological impact of the influenza pandemic 1918–1919 on a Swedish county,Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. 2014; 4(),. doi: 10.3402/iee.v4.21528.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  78. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England journal of medicine. 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  79. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Annals of internal medicine. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  80. "Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 February 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  81. Velavan, T. P.; Meyer, C. G. (March 2020). "The COVID-19 epidemic". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 25 (3): 278–280. doi:10.1111/tmi.13383. PMID 32052514.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  82. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 March 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  83. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. The New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(12):1177-1179.
     Google Scholar 
  84. Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  85. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; pii: S0140-6736(20)30183-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
     Google Scholar 
  86. "Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 February 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  87. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10223):507-513.
     Google Scholar 
  88. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  89. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet Respiratory medicine. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  90. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (London, England). 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  91. Pan L, Mu M, Ren HG, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  92. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  93. Iacobucci G (March 2020). "Sixty seconds on anosmia". BMJ. 368: m1202. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1202. PMID 32209546.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  94. Vito Fanelli, Marco Fiorentino, et al. Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients,Critical Care volume 24, Article number: 155 (2020),bmc.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  95. Ronco C, Navalesi P, Vincent JL. Coronavirus epidemic: preparing for extracorporeal organ support in intensive care. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(3): 240–241. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30060-6.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  96. Barry JM (January 2004). "The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications". Journal of Translational Medicine. 2 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-2-3. PMC 340389. PMID 14733617.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  97. Patterson KD, Pyle GF (1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692.
     Google Scholar 
  98. Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S, eds. (2005). "1: The Story of Influenza". The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 60–61.
     Google Scholar 
  99. Morris, Denise E.; Cleary, David W.; Clarke, Stuart C. (2017). "Secondary Bacterial Infections Associated with Influenza Pandemics". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041. ISSN 1664-302X.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  100. Vilensky JA, Foley P, Gilman S (August 2007). "Children and encephalitis lethargica: a historical review". Pediatric Neurology. 37 (2): 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.012. PMID 17675021
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  101. Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology T. [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145-151.
     Google Scholar 
  102. Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, et al. Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: a review. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Mar 27.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  103. Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. Cytokine storm in COVID-19 and treatment. J Infect. 2020 Apr 10
     Google Scholar 
  104. Sun P, Qie S, Liu Z, et al. Clinical characteristics of 50466 hospitalized patients with 2019-nCoV infection. J Med Virol. 2020 Feb 28
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  105. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics. 2020 Mar 16.
     Google Scholar 
  106. Xu L, Liu J, Lu M, et al. Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections. Liver Int. 2020 Mar 14.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  107. Ranucci M, Ballotta A, Di Dedda U, et al. The procoagulant pattern of patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Apr 17
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  108. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020 Apr 10.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  109. Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, et al. Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 28.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  110. Zhao H, Shen D, Zhou H, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurol. 2020 May;19(5):383-4.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  111. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, et al. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 13:101623.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  112. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-13.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  113. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506.
     Google Scholar 
  114. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  115. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. The New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(12):1177-1179.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  116. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, et al. Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  117. Beach, Brian; Ferrie, Joseph P.; Saavedra, Martin H. (2018). "Fetal shock or selection? The 1918 influenza pandemic and human capital development". nber.org. doi:10.3386/w24725.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  118. Almond, Douglas "Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long‐Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post‐1940 U.S. Population". Journal of Political Economy. 114 (4): 672–712. doi:10.1086/507154. ISSN 0022-3808.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  119. "Here Comes the Coronavirus Pandemic: Now, after many fire drills, the world may be facing a real fire". Editorial. The New York Times. 29 February 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  120. "COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response". UNESCO. 4 March 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  121. Rico-AvelloC. Historia de la sanidad Española (1900–1935),1969 Madrid Gimenez.
     Google Scholar 
  122. Echeverri B. La gripe española: la pandemia de 1918–1919, Coleccion Monografias (132), 1993 Madrid Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas.
     Google Scholar 
  123. Bertran JL, Historia de las epidemias en España y sus colonias (1348–1919), 2006MadridLa Esfera de los Libros.
     Google Scholar 
  124. Spinney L (29 March 2020). "Coronavirus vaccine: when will it be ready?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
     Google Scholar 
  125. "Prevention & Treatment". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019.
     Google Scholar 
  126. "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks". World Health Organization.
     Google Scholar 
  127. Lu CW, Liu XF, Jia ZF. 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored. Lancet. 2020; pii: S0140-6736(20)30313-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30313-5.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  128. Thordarson, Pall (12 March 2020). "The science of soap – here's how it kills the coronavirus | Pall Thordarson". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
     Google Scholar 
  129. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E (March 2020). "Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 104 (3): 246–251.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  130. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
     Google Scholar 
  131. "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks". World Health Organization.
     Google Scholar 
  132. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): If You Have Animals". cdc.gov.
     Google Scholar 
  133. Sandee LaMotte, Lions, tigers and house cats: You won't catch coronavirus from felines, experts say, 6 April 2020, CNN.
     Google Scholar 
  134. suppl 1–32. Vol. 21. Allmänna Svenska Läkartidningen; 1924. Influensakommitens rapport; p. 9.
     Google Scholar 
  135. Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M. Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104:7582–7.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  136. Grönstedt K. Allmänna Svenska läkartidningen; 1919. Spanska sjukans behandling; pp. 19–21.
     Google Scholar 
  137. Bjerner B. Allmänna Svenska Läkartidningen; 1919. Antidifteri serum mot influenza; pp. 103–105.
     Google Scholar 
  138. Engelsson H. Allmänna Svenska Läkartidningen; 1919. Neosalvarsan och kvicksilver någon skyddande effekt mot influenza? pp. 362–364.
     Google Scholar 
  139. Wållgren C. Spanska sjukan vid sahlgrenska sjukhuset. [The Spanish flu at the Sahlgrenska Hospital]. Hygiea. 1920; 82:257–70.
     Google Scholar 
  140. Starko KM. Salicylates and pandemic influenza mortality, 1918–1919 pharmacology, pathology, and historic evidence. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49:1405–10.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  141. "Q&A on coronaviruses". World Health Organization. 11 February 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  142. A randomized, open-label, blank-controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of lopinavir-ritonavir and interferon-alpha 2b in hospitalization patients with novel coronavirus infection. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=48684.
     Google Scholar 
  143. Bin Cao, M.D., Yeming Wang, M.D., Danning Wen, M.D., et al.A trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001282.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  144. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020; published online Jan 31. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  145. Kui L, Fang YY, Deng Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000744.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  146. Richardson P, Griffin I, Tucker C, et al. Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease. Lancet. 2020 Feb 4. pii: S0140-6736(20)30304-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30304-4.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  147. "Caring for Yourself at Home". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020.
     Google Scholar 
  148. Paton N.I., Lee L., Xu Y., Ooi E.E., Cheung Y.B., Archuleta S. Chloroquine for influenza prevention: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Sep;11(9):677–683.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  149. Vigerust D.J., McCullers J.A. Chloroquine is effective against influenza A virus in vitro but not in vivo. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2007; 1:189–192.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  150. Wang M., Cao R., Zhang L., Yang X., Liu J., Xu M. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  151. Colson P., Rolain J.M., Lagier J.C., Brouqui P., Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 4:105932.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  152. Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, et al. Use of Convalescent Plasma Therapy in Two COVID-19 Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020 Apr 13;35(14):e149. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e149.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  153. Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):398–400.
    DOI
     Google Scholar 
  154. Spinney L, "Coronavirus vaccine: when will it be ready?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
     Google Scholar 
  155. Huaxia. WHO says vaccines against novel coronavirus 18 months away, pushes global research. 2020. Xinhuanet, Feb 12, 2020. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/12/c_138777886.htm.
     Google Scholar 
  156. "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020". World Health Organization. 11 March 2020.
     Google Scholar 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

How to Cite

Saulat, A., & Jafri, A. N. (2021). A Narration: 20th v/s 21st Century: Pandemic v/s Another Pandemic: Virus v/s Another Virus (Spanish Flu V/S COVID-19). European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 3(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.1.594